Photobiomodulation for Oral Mucositis - A Microcosting and Budget Impact Analysis from a Brazilian Perspective

ABSTRACT Objective: To measure the costs of preventive and therapeutic protocols of Photobiomodulation (PBM) for oral mucositis (OM) and their budgetary impact on Brazil's Ministry of Health (BMH). Material and Methods: A partial economic analysis was performed to estimate the costs using a bottom-up approach from a social perspective. Monetary values were assigned in Brazilian reais (BRL). The costs of the preventive protocol were calculated for five, 30, and 33 consecutive PBM sessions, depending on the antineoplastic treatment instituted. The costs of the therapeutic protocol were calculated for 5 or 10 sessions. The annual financial and budgetary impact was calculated considering the groups of oncologic patients with a higher risk of development of OM, such as those with head and neck and hematological cancer and pediatric patients. Results: The cost of a PBM session was estimated at BRL 23.75. The financial impact of providing one preventive protocol per year for all oncologic patients would be BRL 14,282,680.00, 0.030% of the estimated budget for hospital and outpatient care of the BMH in 2022. The financial and budgetary impacts of providing one treatment for OM for all patients in one year would be BRL 2,225,630.31 (0.005%, most optimistic scenario) and BRL 4,451,355.63 (0.009%, most pessimistic scenario). Conclusion: The budgetary impact of implementing PBM protocols in the Brazilian Healthcare System is small, even in a pessimistic scenario.

Efficacy and safety of VRD regimen of autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma / 中华内科杂志

Objective: To explore the stem cell collection rate and efficacy and safety of patients aged 70 and below with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (MM) treated with the VRD (bortezomib, lenalidomide and dexamethasone) regimen followed by autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT). Methods: Retrospective case series study. The clinical data of 123 patients with newly diagnosed MM from August 1, 2018, to June 30, 2020, at the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University and Suzhou Hopes Hematology Hospital, who were eligible for VRD regimen sequential ASCT, were collected. The clinical characteristics, efficacy after induction therapy, mobilization regimen of autologous stem cells, autologous stem cell collection rate, and side effects and efficacy of ASCT were retrospectively analyzed. Results: Of the 123 patients, 67 were males. The median patient age was 56 (range: 31-70) years. Patients with IgG, IgA, IgD, and light-chain types accounted for 47.2% (58/123), 23.6% (29/123), 3.2% (4/123), and 26.0% (32/123) of patients, respectively. In addition, 25.2% (31/123) of patients had renal insufficiency (creatinine clearance rate<40 ml/min). Patients with Revised-International Staging System (R-ISS) Ⅲ accounted for 18.2% (22/121) of patients. After induction therapy, the rates of partial response and above, very-good partial response (VGPR) and above, and complete response (CR)+stringent CR were 82.1% (101/123), 75.6% (93/123), and 45.5% (56/123), respectively. Overall, 90.3% (84/93) of patients were mobilized with cyclophosphamide+granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and 8 patients with G-CSF or G-CSF+plerixafor due to creatinine clearance rate<30 ml/min and one of them was mobilized with DECP (cisplatin, etoposide, cyclophosphamide and dexamethasone)+G-CSF for progressive disease. The rate of autologous stem cell collection (CD34+cells≥2×106/kg) after four courses of VRD regimen was 89.1% (82/92), and the rate of collection (CD34+cells≥5×106/kg) was 56.5% (52/92). Seventy-seven patients treated with the VRD regimen sequential ASCT. All patients had grade 4 neutropenia and thrombocytopenia. Among the nonhematologic adverse events during ASCT, the highest incidence was observed for gastrointestinal reactions (76.6%, 59/77), followed by oral mucositis (46.8%, 36/77), elevated aminotransferases (44.2%, 34/77), fever (37.7%, 29/77), infection (16.9%, 13/77) and heart-related adverse events (11.7%, 9/77). Among the adverse events, grade 3 adverse events included nausea (6.5%, 5/77), oral mucositis (5.2%, 4/77), vomiting (3.9%, 3/77), infection (2.6%, 2/77), elevated blood pressure after infusion (2.6%, 2/77), elevated alanine transaminase (1.3%, 1/77), and perianal mucositis (1.3%, 1/77); there were no grade 4 or above nonhematologic adverse events. The proportion of patients who achieved VGPR and above after VRD sequential ASCT was 100% (75/75), and the proportion of patients who were minimal residual disease-negative (<10-4 level) was 82.7% (62/75). Conclusion: In patients aged 70 and below with newly diagnosed MM treated with VRD induction therapy, the collection rate of autologous stem cells was good, and good efficacy and tolerability were noted after follow-up ASCT.

Laser doppler flowmetry as a method of analysis for the evaluation of chemo - induced oral mucositis: a pilot study / Flujometría por láser doppler como método de análisis para la evaluación de la mucositis oral inducida por quimioterapia: un estudio piloto

Background: Oral mucositis (OM) is an inflammation of the oral mucosa due to cancer therapy that compromises the patient's quality of life. Laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) is a non-invasive method to monitor microvascular blood flow (BF) in real-time. Purpose: Develop a method to evaluate BF in the genian region cheek in patients undergoing chemotherapy by LDF and compare the degrees of OM and pain with evaluation of BF. Material and methods: Evaluation of OM was performed using the World Health Organization (WHO) and Oral Mucositis Assessment Scale (OMAS) scales and the visual analog scale for pain evaluation. For flowmetry analysis, a laser Doppler flowmeter (moorVMSTM™, 780 nm wavelength and VP3 probe), fixed by an acrylic resin support was used; VP3 probe was positioned on the genian region and the patient's head was stabilized with a neck pillow for an accurate measurement. The Wilcoxon test was used to compare the flowmetry results at the studied times. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to evaluate relationships between BF and the WHO, OMAS and visual analog scales. Results: Eleven patients of both sexes, aged between 30 and 78 years, with OM were included. An increase in cutaneous BF was observed at the initial times of OM, with progressive reduction during the chemotherapy cycle. There was a statistical difference (p<0.05) between time point T0 (first consultation) and time point T6 (last consultation). Conclusion: The method developed in this pilot study is effective, reliable, and reproducible, and allows the evaluation of BF dynamics in the genian region using LDF of patients undergoing chemotherapy at risk of developing OM.

Antecedentes: La mucositis oral (MO) es una inflamación de la mucosa oral debido a la terapia del cáncer, que compromete la calidad de vida del paciente. La flujometría láser Doppler (FLD) es un método no invasivo para monitorear el flujo sanguíneo microvascular (FS) en tiempo real. Objetivo: Desarrollar un método para evaluar la FS en la mejilla de la región geniana en pacientes sometidos a quimioterapia por FLD y comparar los grados de MO y dolor con la evaluación del FS. Material y Métodos: La evaluación de la MO se realizó utilizando las escalas de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) y la Escala de Evaluación de la Mucositis Oral (OMAS) y la escala analógica visual para la evaluación del dolor. Para el análisis de flujometría se utilizó un flujómetro láser Doppler (moorVMSTM™, longitud de onda de 780 nm y sonda VP3), fijado por un soporte de resina acrílica; La sonda VP3 se colocó en la región geniana y la cabeza del paciente se estabilizó con una almohada para el cuello para una medición precisa. Se utilizó la prueba de Wilcoxon para comparar los resultados de la flujometría en los tiempos estudiados. Se utilizó el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson para evaluar las relaciones entre FS y las escalas de la OMS, OMAS y analógicas visuales. Resultados: Se incluyeron 11 pacientes de ambos sexos, con edades comprendidas entre 30 y 78 años, con MO. Se observó un aumento del FS cutáneo en los momentos iniciales de la MO, con reducción progresiva durante el ciclo de quimioterapia. Hubo una diferencia estadística (p<0.05) entre el momento T0 (primera consulta) y el momento T6 (última consulta). Conclusión: El método desarrollado en este estudio piloto es efectivo, confiable y reproducible, y permite evaluar la dinámica del FS en la región geniana utilizando FLD de pacientes sometidos a quimioterapia con riesgo de desarrollar MO.

The impact of maintenance on peri-implant health

Abstract Most of the literature evaluating dental implants focuses on implant survival, which is a limited proxy for the successful rehabilitation of patients with missing teeth. Success should include not only survival but also lack of mechanical, biological, and esthetics problems. A comprehensive review of local and systemic risk factors prior to implant placement will allow the tailoring of treatment planning and maintenance protocols to the patient's profile in order to achieve longitudinal success of the therapy. This review discusses the role of controlling different risk factors and prevention/treatment of peri-implant mucositis in order to avoid peri-implantitis. Although the literature addressing the topic is still scarce, the existing evidence shows that performing optimal plaque control and regular visits to the dentist seem to be adequate to prevent peri-implant lesions. Due to impossibility of defining a probing depth associate with peri-implant health, radiographic evaluations may be considered in the daily practice. So far, there is a strong evidence linking a past history of periodontal disease to peri-implant lesions, but this is not so evident for other factors including smoking and diabetes. The prevention of biological complications starts even before implant placement and include a broader analysis of the patient risk profile and tailoring the rehabilitation and maintenance protocols accordingly. It should be highlighted that the installation of implants does not modify the patient profile, since it does not modify genetics, microbiology or behavioral habits of any individual.

Prevalence of peri-implant diseases - a critical review on the current evidence

Abstract The objective of this paper was to evaluate the current evidence reporting on the prevalence of peri-implantitis and to determine the influencing factors. An electronic search for articles published until February 2019 reporting on the prevalence of peri-implantitis was performed in MEDLINE. Included criteria were published in international peer-reviewed journals, written in English language, reported on the prevalence of peri-implantitis, included implants with a minimum follow-up of one year after functional loading and used a clear definition for peri-implantitis and/or peri-implant mucositis with a clear cutoff for bone level changes according to the case definitions of Sanz and Chapple and Berglundh et al. 2018. Included papers were anaylized for factors affecting the reported prevalences for peri-implantitis. Twenty-five papers were included in the present review and a wide range for the reported prevalence of peri-implantitis was seen. Case definitions for peri-implantitis with various thresholds for bone loss together with the type of reporting on patient- or implant-level were the most significant factors that lead to a large variety of the occurrence of the disease. Additionally, follow-up time and the evaluation in a certain "convenience" population may have influenced the prevalence values. In conclusion, it can be stated that a wide range for reporting the prevalence of peri-implantitis can be found and no real estimation of the global burden of the disease can be made. Applying accurate case definitions for peri-implantitis is the most important factor for reporting the prevalence and should be strictly followed in future reports.

Presença de Candida spp. em usuários de próteses dentárias removíveis / Presencia de Candida spp. en usuarios de prótesis dentales removible / Presence of Candida spp. in patients who wear dentures

Introdução: O uso contínuo das próteses removíveis e a higiene inadequada das mesmas podem levar ao desenvolvimento da estomatite protética. Doença frequente em usuários de próteses e muito associada à Candida spp. Objetivo: determinar características sociais e os cuidados dos indivíduos com a higienização das próteses dentárias removíveis, assim como a presença de espécies de Candida em usuários de próteses numa comunidade do município de Cabedelo, Paraíba, Brasil. Métodos: Tratou-se de um estudo piloto, transversal, observacional e laboratorial com a avaliação de 14 voluntários. Foram utilizados formulários de investigação e realizada a coleta, o isolamento e identificação do material biológico. Resultados: Os participantes da pesquisa apresentaram renda e escolaridade baixas. A higiene diária das próteses, a escovação com dentifrício, a não remoção das próteses para dormir e a utilização das mesmas por mais de seis anos foram verificadas na maior parte da amostra. Conclusão: Demonstrou-se uma alta presença de Candida spp. nos usuários de próteses dentárias removíveis e Candida albicans foi a espécie mais prevalente(AU)

Introducción: El uso continuo de las prótesis removibles y la higiene inadecuada de estas pueden conducir al desarrollo de la estomatitis protésica, enfermedad frecuente en usuarios de prótesis y muy asociada a la Candida spp. Objetivo: determinar las características sociales y los cuidados de los individuos con la higienización de las prótesis dentales removibles, así como la presencia de especies de Candida en usuarios de prótesis en una comunidad del municipio de Cabedelo, Paraíba, Brasil. Métodos: Se trata de un estudio piloto, transversal, observacional y de laboratorio con la evaluación de 14 voluntarios. Se utilizaron formularios de investigación y se realizó la recolección, el aislamiento e identificación del material biológico. Resultados: Los participantes de la encuesta presentaron ingresos y escolaridad bajos. La higiene diaria de las prótesis, el cepillado con dentífrico, la no remoción de las prótesis para dormir y la utilización de estas durante más de seis años se verificaron en la mayor parte de la muestra. Conclusión: Se demostró una alta presencia de Candida spp. en los usuarios de prótesis dentales removibles y Candida albicans fue la especie que más predominó(AU)

Introduction : The continued use of dentures and inadequate hygiene may lead to the development of denture stomatitis, a frequent disease in patients who wear dentures and very much associated with Candida spp. Objective : To determine the social characteristics and the care of the individuals with the hygiene of their dentures, as well as the presence of Candida species in patients who wear dentures from a community of Cabedelo Municipality, Paraíba, Brazil. Methods : This is a pilot, cross-sectional, observational and laboratory study with the evaluation of 14 volunteers. Research forms were used and the collection, isolation and identification of the biological material were carried out. Results : The participants had low income and schooling. The daily hygiene of the prostheses, brushing with dentifrice, the non-removal of the prosthesis for sleeping and their use for more than six years were verified in most of the sample. Conclusions : A high presence of Candida spp. in the patients who wear dentures was shown, while C. albicans was the most prevalent species(AU)

Measurement of oral health quality of life among patients who underwent haematopoietic stem-cell transplantation

Abstract Oral mucositis is a painful condition that occurs in patients who have undergone haematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (HSCT) and has a huge impact on their quality of life. The objective of this study was to examine the extent to which interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) are associated with oral health quality of life among patients who underwent HSCT. A. C. Camargo Cancer Center patients were evaluated over 20 months at 4 different time-points: a) at patient admission (M1); b) on the day of infusion of HSC (M2); c) 12 and 20 days after the first day of the conditioning regimen for autologous and allogeneic transplantation, respectively (M3); and d) 30 days after the first day of the conditioning regimen (M4). Mucositis clinical evaluations were performed using World Health Organization (WHO) criteria. Oral health quality of life was measured using the Oral Health Impact Profile short form (OHIP-14), Oral Mucositis Quality of Life (OMQoL) and Patient-Reported Oral Mucositis Symptom (PROMS) scales. Correlations between clinical data and quality of life scores were examined. STATA 11.0 was used to perform the statistical analyses (5% level of significance). Eighty-two patients participated in the study; 62.2% were male, 28.05% had multiple myeloma, and the mean age was 48.49 years (SD 13.76). Higher scores (worse quality of life) were observed as mucositis scores increased, but the results were not significant. The OMQoL had a high correlation with OHIP-14 (0.8377), but the correlation between the PROMS scale and the OHIP-14 was lower (0.6643). Higher concentrations of IL-6 and TNF-α were associated with worse quality of life, according to all indices (p < 0.05). Oral mucositis was associated with quality of life scores (p < 0.01).

Genotype-phenotype association of TGF-pi and GST with chemo-radiotherapy induced toxicity

Background: Normal tissue toxicity continues to remain as a major challenge for radiation oncologists for delivering the total dose to the tumour cells in cancer patients. Cellular, molecular and plasma based early biomarkers to predict the overreactions and non-overreactions of normal tissue toxicity before the initiation of radiotherapy can be valuable for personalised treatment. The aim of the current study was to analyse the interrelationship between polymorphisms in Glutathione S- Transferases [GSTs] and Transforming Growth Factor-pi [TGF-J31], the plasma level/activity of these proteins with the development of chemo-radiotherapy induced oral mucositis and skin reaction in head and neck cancer [HNC] patients

Materials and Methods: We analysed polymorphisms in TGF-fil and GST by restriction digestion of the PCR amplified products and we also assessed circulating TGF-pl levels and GST activity by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay [ELISA]

Results: The results indicate that pre-radiotherapy plasma TGF-P1 levels and total GST activity has no correlation with radiation induced normal tissue skin reaction and oral mucositis in HNC patients

Conclusion: The selected polymorphisms in TGF-fil and GST had no influence on TGF-P1 levels and total GST activity. Plasma TGF-P1 and GST activity was not affected by the presence of selected polymorphisms and lacks significance in predicting skin reaction and oral mucositis prior to chemo-radiotherapy

Oral and systemic manifestations, and dental management of a pediatric patient with tetralogy of fallot: a case report / Características sistémicas, orales y manejo dental de paciente pediátrico con tetralogía de fallot: reporte de caso

Abstract: introduction: tetralogy of Fallot is a congenital heart disease and the most common cyanotic heart defect in children. It is clinically characterized by a ventricular septal defect, pulmonary stenosis, overriding aorta over ventricular septal defect and right ventricular hypertrophy. There is little or no information about the oral manifestations in patients with this pathology. A report and discussion of a pediatric patient diagnosed with Tetralogy of Fallot, its clinical manifestations, oral findings and dental management are presented. Case Report: A four-year-old male patient diagnosed with Tetralogy of Fallot and epileptic attacks. The patient has deciduous teeth with many severe early childhood caries, stomatitis and cyanotic mucous membranes, root fragments, periapical abscess and noticeable enamel hypoplasia. Conclusions: In agreement with other authors, children with systemic diseases such as Tetralogy of Fallot have a higher rate of caries, poor oral hygiene, high susceptibility to other infections and bacterial endocarditis, cyanotic mucous membranes and enamel hypoplasia. Primary prevention is critical, proper dental hygiene, regular dental check-ups and the use of antibiotic prophylaxis are particularly important, especially in high-risk patients.

Resumen: introducción: la tetralogía de Fallot es la patología cardíaca congénita y defecto cardiaco cianótico más común en niños. Clínicamente se caracteriza por una comunicación interventricular, estenosis pulmonar, cabalgamiento de la aorta sobre la comunicación interventricular e hipertrofia del ventrículo derecho. Existe poca o nula información sobre las manifestaciones orales de pacientes con esta patología. Se relata el informe y discusión de un paciente pediátrico diagnosticado con tetralogía de Fallot, sus manifestaciones clínicas, hallazgos orales y manejo dental. Refiriendo además la condición de salud oral del paciente antes y después de los procedimientos dentales. Reporte del Caso. Paciente masculino de 4 años, diagnosticado con Tetralogía de Fallot y crisis epilépticas. Presenta dentición temporal con múltiples caries de la infancia temprana severa, estomatitis y mucosas cianóticas, restos radiculares, absceso periapical y una evidente hipoplasia del esmalte. Conclusiones. En concordancia con otros autores, los niños con enfermedades sistémicas como tetralogía de Fallot tienen un mayor índice de caries, higiene oral deficiente, alta susceptibilidad a otras infecciones y a endocarditis bacteriana, mucosas cianóticas e hipoplasia del esmalte. La prevención primaria es decisiva, higiene dental apropiada, revisiones odontológicas habituales y uso de antibioprofilaxis son significativos sobre todo en pacientes de alto riego.

Tratamiento de la mucositis oral en pacientes oncológicos: revisión de la literatura y experiencia en el Hospital General de México / Management of oral mucositis in patients with cancer: review of literature and experience in the General Hospital of Mexico

La mucositis es la reacción secundaria a la quimioterapia y/o radioterapia, existen múltiples opciones terapéuticas para tratar esta complicación, no se cuenta con un tratamiento definido por lo que el objetivo de esta revisión es el de agrupar las distintas maneras de abordar la mucositis oral y su efecto así como compartir la experiencia que se tiene en el Hospital General de México. Dentro de los tratamientos más utilizados se encuentra el empleo de fármacos protectores de mucosa, crioterapia, factores de crecimiento entre otros, el efecto deseado es retrasar la aparición de la lesión así como disminuir la severidad de las mismas, no todas las opciones se encuentran disponibles para el personal médico por lo que se deben de conocer las distintas opciones terapéuticas y la solidez científica con la que cuentan.

Mucositis is the secondary reaction to chemotherapy and / or radiotherapy, there are multiple therapeutic alternatives to treat this complication, there doesn't exist a specific therapy so the aim of this review is to coordinate the various ways of treating oral mucositis and its effect and to share the experience at the General Hospital of Mexico. Within the most widely used treatments is the use of mucosal protective drugs, cryotherapy, growth factors, among others, the main effect is to delay the onset of injury and decrease the severity of them, not all options are available for medical staff so they must know the different Iptherapeutic alternatives and the scientific soundness for each option.

Analysis of oral complications related to cancer therapy / Análise das complicações bucais relacionadas à terapia do câncer

The side effects and adverse reactions related to cancer therapies may cause significant alterations in the oral cavity, discomfort or even severe pain in parts of the body, patient’s nutritional deficiency, delay in the administration of oncologic drugs or dose limitation, an increase of hospitalization time and of the related expenses, as well as a decrease in the patient’s quality of life. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the deleterious effects of cancer therapies in the oral cavity. Material and methods: Data was gathered from medical records of the treatment of 643 cancer patients at the São José Hospital, in Joinville, state of Santa Catarina, from January to September 2012. Among the records selected for this study, 59.41% were female patients, with a mean age of 51 to 60 years. Results: Oral complications were reported in 72.47% of the patients, and the complication with the highest prevalence was mucositis (14.62%) followed by dry mouth (10.58%). Most of the patients had not received dental care prior to the cancer treatment, and no dental record was found. Conclusions: Several different oral disorders were re¬ported as a result of cancer treatment, and a significant number of patients needed dental evaluation prior to the treatment...

Os efeitos colaterais e as reações adversas relacionadas às terapias contra o câncer podem causar alterações significativas na cavidade oral e proporcionar desconforto ou mesmo dor nos locais de tratamento, carência nutricional do paciente, atraso na administração de medicamentos oncológicos ou de limitação de dose, aumento do tempo de internação e das despesas relacionadas, bem como uma diminuição da qualidade de vida do paciente. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar os efeitos deletérios das terapias contra o câncer na cavidade bucal. Material e métodos: Os dados foram obtidos a partir dos prontuários de 643 pacientes que fizeram tratamento contra o câncer no Hospital Municipal São José, em Joinville, estado de Santa Catarina, de janeiro a setembro de 2012. Resultados: Nos registros do estudo, 59,41% eram pacientes do sexo feminino, com média de idade de 51 a 60 anos. As complicações bucais foram relatadas em 72,47% dos pacientes; a complicação de maior prevalência foi a mucosite (14,62%), seguida de xerostomia (10,58%). A maioria dos pacientes (71,85%) não havia recebido atendimento odontológico antes do tratamento do câncer. Conclusão: Diversos distúrbios bucais foram reportados como efeitos colaterais da terapia oncológica, e um número significativo de pacientes necessitou de avaliação odontológica antes do tratamento...

Oral health as a predictive factor for oral mucositis

OBJECTIVES: Oral mucositis is a complication frequently associated with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, decreasing a patient's quality of life and increasing the occurrence of opportunistic infections. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence and severity of oral mucositis and to assess the correlation of this disease with the oral health of an individual at the time of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. METHODS: Before transplantation, patients' oral health and inflammatory conditions were determined using the gingival index and the plaque index, which are based on gingival bleeding and the presence of dental plaque, respectively. Additionally, the dental health status was determined using the decayed, missing, and filled teeth index. The monitoring of oral mucositis was based on the World Health Organization grading system and was performed for five periods: from Day 0 to D+5, from D+6 to D+10, from D+11 to D+15, from D+16 to D+20, and from D+21 to D+30. RESULTS: A total of 97 patients (56% male and 44% female) who underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation at the Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo between January 2008 and July 2009 were prospectively examined. The incidence of ulcerative mucositis was highest from days +6 to +10 and from days +11 to +15 in the patients who underwent autologous and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, respectively. CONCLUSION: The data, including the dental plaque and periodontal status data, showed that these oral health factors were predictive of the incidence and severity of oral mucositis in a cohort of patients with similar conditioning regimens before hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. .

History of Chronic Periodontitis Is a High Risk Indicator for Peri-Implant Disease

The success rates in implant dentistry vary significantly among patients presenting previous history of periodontitis. The aim of this study was to evaluate if patients with history of chronic periodontitis (CP) are more susceptible to peri-implant disease (PID) than those without history of CP. Two hundred and fifteen individuals, under periodontal maintenance, presenting 754 osseointegrated implants, were selected for this study. The patients were divided into two groups according to the peri-implant status: Control group (patients without PID; n=129) and PID group (patients with PID; n=86). All peri-implant regions were clinically evaluated, including analyses of mucosa inflammation, edema and implant mobility. Periapical radiography assessed the presence of peri-implant bone loss. According to the clinical/radiographic characteristics, patients in Control and PID groups were diagnosed as having CP or not. Nominal variables were evaluated by the chi-square test. The distribution of numeric variables was analyzed by Shapiro-Wilk test. Student's t-test and Mann-Whitney test were used to analyze significant differences for parametric and non-parametric data. A p-value <0.05 was considered significant. There was a highly significant correlation between CP history and PID (p<0.0001). Patients with CP had 4 times more chance of developing PID than patients with healthy periodontal tissues. Also, CP patients showed higher bleeding on probing (p=0.002) and bone loss around implant (p=0.004) when compared with patients without CP. In conclusion, history of CP is a high risk factor for the development of PID, irrespective of gender or region of implant placement.

Resumo O índice de sucesso em implantodontia varia significantemente entre indivíduos apresentando história prévia de periodontite. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar se pacientes com história de periodontite crônica (CP) são mais susceptíveis ao desenvolvimento de doença peri-implantar (PID) do que pacientes sem história de CP. Duzentos e quinze indivíduos, sob manutenção periodontal, apresentando 754 implantes osseointegrados, foram selecionados para este estudo. Os pacientes foram divididos em 2 grupos de acordo com o estado peri-implantar: Grupo Controle (pacientes sem PID, n=129) e Grupo PID (pacientes com PID, n=86). Todas as regiões peri-implantares foram clinicamente avaliadas, incluindo análise da inflamação na mucosa, edema e mobilidade do implante. Radiografias periapicais avaliaram a presença de perda óssea peri-implantar. De acordo com as características clínico/radiográficas, pacientes nos Grupos Controle e PID foram diagnosticados como tendo CP ou não. As variáveis nominais foram avaliadas pelo teste do qui-quadrado. A distribuição das variáveis numéricas foi avaliada pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk. O Teste t e o teste de Mann-Whitney foram utilizados para analisar a significância dos dados, em caso de distribuição normal e não-normal, respectivamente. Valor de p<0,05 foi considerado significante. Os resultados mostraram que há correlação altamente significativa entre história de CP e presença PID (p<0,0001), com risco 4 vezes maior de desenvolver PID para pacientes com CP. Pacientes com CP também mostraram maior sangramento à sondagem (p=0,002) e perda óssea peri-implantar (p=0,004) quando comparados a pacientes sem CP. Concluímos que história de periodontite crônica é um fator de alto risco ao desenvolvimento ...

Depression and Risk Factors in Patients with Crohn's Disease

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to determine the risk factors among patients with depression with Crohn's disease. METHODS: Data were collected by questionnaire from 276 patients who were diagnosed with Crohn's disease at a tertiary hospital located in Seoul. Measurements included patients' demographic characteristics, clinical characteristics, depression level, and health-related quality of life. Data were analyzed using t-test, chi2-test, Wilcoxon rank sum test, and logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: The incidence rate of depression (BDI-II> or =14scores) was 31.9% (n=88). Univariate analysis revealed that being a woman, school graduation status, economic status (low), BMI( or =3 years), CDAI (> or =150 scores), frequency of hospital admission (> or =2), extra-intestinal manifestation (arthralgia, stomatitis), administration of 5-aminosalicylic acid, and disease related quality of life (SIBDQ<50 scores) were associated with depression. Multivariate analysis revealed that economic status (low), school graduation status, and quality of life (SIBDQ<50 scores) were more likely to report high level of depression. CONCLUSION: Future research should consider managing depression as an essential component of comprehensive care for patients with Crohn's disease. In addition, further research is needed to develop strategies to better improve quality of life among patients with Crohn's disease who are depressed.

Laser phototherapy as a treatment for radiotherapy-induced oral mucositis

Oral mucositis is a harmful side effect of radiotherapy (RT) on the head and neck region. There are encouraging reports on the beneficial aspects of the use of laser light on the treatment of oral mucositis. This paper reports the efficacy of laser phototherapy (LPT) on the treatment of oral mucositis in a patient undergoing RT after surgical removal of a squamous cell carcinoma with osseous invasion of the maxilla. Palatal and commissural lesions were treated with λ660 nm, 40 mW, ∅=4 mm², in contact mode, 5 x 2.4 J/cm² per point, 14.4 J/cm² per session. For treating the lesion on the patient's nasal mucosa, LPT (∅=4 mm², λ780 nm, 70 mW, 3 x 2.1 J/cm² per point, 6.3 J/cm² per session, contact mode) was used on the external area of the nose. A single dose (2.4 J/cm²) with the λ660 nm laser, as described before, was applied on the entrance of each nostril. LPT was used 3 times/week during 4 weeks. Treatment results indicate that the use of LPT on oral mucositis was effective and allowed the patient to carry on the RT without interruption. However, long-term and controlled clinical trials are necessary to establish both preventive and curative protocols using LPT.

A mucosite oral é um efeito colateral prejudicial da radioterapia na região de cabeça e pescoço. Existem estudos que evidenciam o efeito benéfico do uso da luz laser no tratamento da mucosite oral. O objetivo deste caso clínico foi o de avaliar a eficácia da fototerapia laser no tratamento da mucosite oral em um paciente sendo submetido a radioterapia, após a remoção cirúrgica de um carcinoma escamocelular, com invasão óssea da maxila. As lesões do palato e das comissuras labiais foram tratadas com λ660 nm, 40 mW, ∅=4 mm², em contato, 5 x 2.4 J/cm² por ponto, 14.4 J/cm² por sessão. Na lesão existente na mucosa nasal a fototerapia laser (∅=4 mm², λ780 nm, 70 mW, 3 x 2.1 J/cm² por ponto, 6.3 J/cm² por sessão, em contato) foi utilizada na área externa do nariz. Uma dose única (2.4 J/cm²) com o laser λ660 nm e os parâmetros descritos anteriormente foi aplicado na entrada de cada narina. A fototerapia laser foi utilizada 3 vezes por semana, durante 4 semanas. Os resultados do tratamento são indicativos de que o uso da fototerapia laser em mucosite oral foi efetiva e permitiu ao paciente continuar o tratamento radioterápico sem interrupções. Entretanto, estudos clínicos controlados são necessários para se estabelecer os protocolos, para tratamento e prevenção da mucosite oral, utilizando fototerapia laser.

Principales lesiones bucales y factores de riesgo presentes en población mayor de 60 años / Leading oral lesions and risk factors present in a population aged over 60 years

Se efectuó un estudio descriptivo en la población mayor de 60 años del área de salud de la Policlínica Moncada, que recibieron atención en la Facultad de Estomatología Raúl González Sánchez, Ciudad de La Habana, durante el año 2006, para determinar los factores de riesgo asociados con la aparición de lesiones bucales, su distribución según edad y sexo, además de identificar el tipo de lesión y su localización anatómica. Se estudiaron 352 ancianos a los que se les aplicó una encuesta para identificar la presencia de factores de riesgo y se realizó un examen físico de la cavidad bucal y el cuello para detectar las lesiones y su localización. Como principales resultados se obtuvo que el 60,7 por ciento de los ancianos presentaron factores de riesgo; los más frecuentes fueron: la ingestión de alimentos condimentados y calientes en un 83,4 por ciento, el hábito de fumar en un 82,1 por ciento seguido del uso de prótesis y el alcoholismo, ambos con 72,4 por ciento. El sexo masculino fue el más afectado en un 58,2 por ciento, el factor de riesgo que predominó fue la ingestión de alcohol en un 75,7 por ciento. En las mujeres el uso de prótesis fue el factor de riesgo que predominó con un 73,3 por ciento, seguido del hábito de fumar; la edad más afectada fue la de más de 80 años en un 41,7 por ciento. El 48,5 por ciento presentaban lesiones, el épulis fisurado fue el más representativo en un 39,1 por ciento, la estomatitis subprotésica con un 35,6 por ciento. La localización anatómica encontrada con mayor afectación fue el paladar duro, encía inferior y mucosa del carrillo. Se evidenció con estos resultados la falta de calidad de las actividades de educación para la salud, ya que predominaron estilos de vida perjudiciales a la salud(AU)

A descriptive study was conducted in a population aged over 60 from the health area of Moncada polyclinic seen in Raúl González Sánchez Stomatology Faculty of Ciudad de La Habana during 2006 to determine the risk factors associated with appearance of oral lesions, its distribution according age and sex and also to identify the type of lesion and its anatomic location. A total of 352 elderlies were studied by means of a survey to identify the presence of risk factors and an oral cavity and neck physical examination to detect the lesions and their locations. Leading results showed that the 60,7 percent of elderlies had risk factors where the more frequent were: seasoned and hot foods ingestion in the 83,4 percent, smoking in the 82m1 percent followed by the use of prostheses and alcoholism, both for a 72m4 percent. Male sex was the more involved in a 58m2 percent, the predominant risk factor was the alcohol ingestion in a 75m7 percent. In female sex the use of prostheses was the predominant risk factor with a 73.3 percent followed by smoking; the more involved age was over 80 years sin a 41,7 percent. The 48,5 percent has lesions; the fissure of epulis was more representative in a 39,1 percent, the subprosthetic stomatitis with a 35,6 percent. The more involved anatomical location founded was the hard palate, lower gum and cheek mucosa. With these results it was possible to confirm the quality lack of health education activities since there were lifestyles harmful for health(AU)

Expressão do fator de crescimento transformador-beta em mucosa oral submetida à radioterapia: uma revisão crítica da literatura / Expression of transforming growth factor: beta in oral mucosa submitted to radiotherapy. a critical literature review

A radiação ionizante é uma das terapias utilizadas para o tratamento de neoplasias malignas de cabeça e pescoço. Todavia, pode causar complicações agudas, como mucosite, e complicações crônicas, como fibrose tecidual. A radioterapia promove aumento na deposição de colágeno e incrementa a expressão e ativação precoce do fator de crescimento transformador ­ beta, que pode culminar nessa fibrose. O fator de crescimento transformador - beta é uma citocina multifuncional, excretada sob forma latente, com importante função na modulação do sistema fibroblasto-fibrócito, estimulando a síntese e depósito de colágeno, atuando no reparo tecidual, e diminuindo a sua degradação, especialmente em tecido irradiado. A presente revisão de literatura tem como objetivo esclarecer a relação da expressão do fator de crescimento transformador - beta em tecidos submetidos à radiação ionizante utilizada para tratamento antineoplásico, em especial na mucosa oral e reparo tecidual em lesões do tipo mucosite, realizando uma análise crítica dos trabalhos avaliados.

Ionizing radiation is a form of therapy used for the treatment of malignancies of head and neck. However, it can cause acute complications such as mucositis, and chronic complications, such as tissue fibrosis. Radiation promotes increase in collagen deposition and increases the expression and activation of the Transforming Growth Factor - beta, which may result in this fibrosis. The transforming growth factor - beta is a multifunctional cytokine, excreted latent, with an important role in the modulation of the fibroblasts- fibrocytes, stimulating synthesis and deposition of collagen, acting on tissue repair and decreasing its degradation, especially in tissue irradiated. This literature review aims to clarify the relationship between the expression of transforming growth factor - beta in tissues submitted to ionizing radiation used for anticancer treatment, particularly in the oral mucosa and wound repair in lesions with mucositis, performing a critical analyses of the assessed work.

Efficacy of low-level laser therapy and aluminum hydroxide in patients with chemotherapy and radiotherapy-induced oral mucositis

This study evaluated the efficacy of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) and aluminum hydroxide (AH) in the prevention of oral mucositis (OM). A prospective, comparative and non-randomized study was conducted with 25 patients with head and neck cancer subjected to radiotherapy (RT) or radiochemotherapy (RCT). Twelve patients received LLLT (830 nm, 15 mW, 12 J/cm²) daily from the 1st day until the end of RT before each sessions during 5 consecutive days, and the other 13 patients received AH 310 mg/5 mL, 4 times/day, also throughout the duration of RT, including weekends. OM was measured using an oral toxicity scale (OTS) and pain was measured using the visual analogue scale (VAS). EORTC questionnaires were administered to the evaluate impact of OM on quality of life. The LLLT group showed lower mean OTS and VAS scores during the course of RT. A significant difference was observed in pain evaluation in the 13th RT session (p=0.036). In both groups, no interruption of RT was needed. The prophylactic use of both treatments proposed in this study seems to reduce the incidence of severe OM lesions. However, the LLLT was more effective in delaying the appearance of severe OM.

Este estudo avaliou a eficácia da terapia do laser de baixa potência (LBP) e hidróxido de alumínio (HA) na prevenção da mucosite oral (MO). Um estudo prospectivo, comparativo e não-aleatorizado foi conduzido com 25 pacientes com câncer de cabeça e pescoço submetidos a radioterapia (RT) ou radioquimioterapia (RT/QT). Doze pacientes receberam LBP (830 nm, 15 mW, 12 J/cm²) diariamente desde o primeiro dia até o final da RT antes de cada sessão durante 5 dias consecutivos, e os outros 13 pacientes receberam HA 310 mg/5 mL, 4 vezes ao dia, também por toda a duração da RT, incluindo finais de semana. MO foi mensurada usando uma escala de toxicidade oral (ETO) e dor foi mensurada usando a escala visual analógica (EVA). Questionários da EORTC foram administrados para a avaliação do impacto da MO na qualidade de vida. O grupo LBP mostrou menores médias dos escores da ETO e EVA durante o curso da RT. Uma diferença significante foi observada na avaliação da dor na 13ª sessão de RT (p=0,036). Em ambos os grupos, nenhuma interrupção da RT foi necessária. O uso profilático de ambos os tratamentos propostos neste estudo parece reduzir a incidência de lesões severas de MO. No entanto, o LBP foi mais efetivo no atraso do aparecimento da MO severa.

Mucosite oral: perspectivas atuais na prevenção e tratamento / Oral mucositis: recent perspectives on prevention and treatment

A mucosite oral é resultante de toxicidade e um dos efeitos colaterais mais comuns da radioterapia e da quimioterapia, no tratamento oncológico e para o transplante de células tronco hematopoiéticas. Clinicamente estas alterações se caracterizam por atrofia epitelial, edema, eritema e pelo aparecimento de ulcerações, que podem acometer toda a mucosa bucal, gerando dor e desconforto, prejudicando a fala, a deglutição e a alimentação. Além da importante sintomatologia, as ulcerações aumentam o risco de infecção local e sistêmica, comprometem a função oral e interferem no tratamento antineoplásico, podendo levar à sua interrupção. O diagnóstico, prevenção e estratégias terapêuticas de suporte à mucosite oral são de competência do cirurgião-dentista. Através de análise crítica da literatura, o presente trabalho busca apresentar a mucosite oral, sua etiopatogenia, características clínicas e tratamentos propostos nos dias atuais para a sua resolução ou controle, destacando a importância da atuação do cirurgião-dentista no manejo desta entidade.

Oral mucositis is a result of toxicity and one of the most common side effects of radiotherapy and chemotherapy in cancer treatment and in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Clinically these changes are characterized by epithelial atrophy, edema, erythema and the appearance of ulcerations that can affect the entire oral mucosa, causing pain and discomfort, impairing speech, and swallowing food. In addition to the major symptoms, the ulcers increase the risk of local and systemic infection, compromising function and interfering with oral antineoplastic treatment and may lead to it being discontinued. The diagnosis, prevention and therapeutic strategies in providing support in cases of oral mucositis are the dentist's responsibility. Through critical analysis of literature, the aim of this article is to present oral mucositis, its pathogenesis, clinical features and treatments offered today to address or control the condition, highlighting the importance of dentist's role in its management.